As noted in this answer:

Facts and information cannot be copyrighted. Just because a work is copyrighted, doesn't mean every part of that work is copyrighted, and factual information conveyed by the work is a part which is not subject to copyright. Copyright on a collection of facts is limited to the selection and arrangement of those facts, and only if that selection and arrangement has some bare minimum amount of originality. See Feist v. Rural, 499 U.S. 340.

What intellectual-property protection is available under the law for scenarios like the following?

1. Half of a published book consists of factual descriptions of bullets, including proprietary measurements of ballistic coefficients (which are supposed to be an immutable "fact" about the bullet). By publishing those data in a copyrighted book are they now in the public domain? Or because they represent a specific estimate/measurement, and not an invariant fact (i.e., a different measurement could produce a slightly different value), are they protected by the copyright?

2. CUSIP numbers are widely used unique identifiers of financial instruments, but they are only available under license. If somebody "leaked" these data to the public would the data then be in the public domain? (I.e., does just one person violating their license in this fashion remove all IP protection for data covered by the license?)

As noted in this answer:

Facts and information cannot be copyrighted. Just because a work is copyrighted, doesn't mean every part of that work is copyrighted, and factual information conveyed by the work is a part which is not subject to copyright. Copyright on a collection of facts is limited to the selection and arrangement of those facts, and only if that selection and arrangement has some bare minimum amount of originality. See Feist v. Rural, 499 U.S. 340.

What intellectual-property protection is available under the law for scenarios like the following?

1. Half of a published book consists of factual descriptions of bullets, including proprietary measurements of ballistic coefficients (which are supposed to be an immutable "fact" about the bullet). By publishing those data in a copyrighted book are they now in the public domain? Or because they represent a specific estimate/measurement, and not an invariant fact (i.e., a different measurement could produce a slightly different value), are they protected by the copyright?

2. CUSIP numbers are widely used unique identifiers of financial instruments, but they are only available under license. If somebody "leaked" these data to the public would the data then be in the public domain? (I.e., does just one person violating their license in this fashion remove all IP protection for data covered by the license?)