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A handful of U.S. jurisdictions that permit people to marry when they are not both physically present at the same place. But, even in those states, this is allowed only in very limited circumstances (mostly foreign military service deployments of one spouse). Also, even in those states, there must still be a proxy for the missing spouse at the marriage event to approve the marriage, who has been expressly authorized by the absent spouse to serve in this role. This is called "marriage by proxy" and is recognized in the number of jurisdictions in certain circumstances.

Proxy marriages are also allowed under some interpretations of Islamic law.

For example, in the opening part of the manga series and anime adapted from it, in Tonikawa: Over The Moon For You, the sixteen year old wife signed the marriage form and had her guardian affix her seal consenting to her marriage in advance, the husband then signs the marriage form in his apartment, and they then go together to the marriage clerk at town hall to present the signed form together to the clerk so that they can be officially married (notably in the absence of the consenting guardian). While this is obviously a fictional story, this process is indeed permissible and valid in Japan, a civil law country, where the story is set.

A handful of U.S. jurisdictions permit people to marry when they are not both physically present at the same place. But, even in those states, this is allowed only in very limited circumstances (mostly foreign military service deployments of one spouse). Also, even in those states, there must still be a proxy for the missing spouse at the marriage event to approve the marriage, who has been expressly authorized by the absent spouse to serve in this role. This is called "marriage by proxy" and is recognized in the following jurisdictions in certain circumstances:

("Proxy marriage", Wikipedia)

Proxy marriages are also allowed under some interpretations of Islamic law.

For example, in the opening part of the manga series and anime adapted from it, in Tonikawa: Over The Moon For You, the sixteen-year-old wife signed the marriage form and had her guardian affix her seal consenting to her marriage in advance, the husband then signs the marriage form in his apartment, and they then go together to the marriage clerk at town hall to present the signed form together to the clerk so that they can be officially married (notably in the absence of the consenting guardian). While this is obviously a fictional story, this process is indeed permissible and valid in Japan, a civil law country, where the story is set.

A handful of U.S. jurisdictions that permit people to marry when they are not both physically present at the same place. But, even in those states, this is allowed only in very limited circumstances (mostly foreign military service deployments of one spouse). Also, even in those states, there must still be a proxy for the missing spouse at the marriage event to approve the marriage, who has been expressly authorized by the absent spouse to serve in this role. This is called "marriage by proxy."

A handful of U.S. jurisdictions that permit people to marry when they are not both physically present at the same place. But, even in those states, this is allowed only in very limited circumstances (mostly foreign military service deployments of one spouse). Also, even in those states, there must still be a proxy for the missing spouse at the marriage event to approve the marriage, who has been expressly authorized by the absent spouse to serve in this role. This is called "marriage by proxy" and is recognized in the number of jurisdictions in certain circumstances.

In the United States, proxy marriages are provided for in law or by customary practice in Texas, Colorado, Kansas, and Montana. Of these, Montana is the only state that allows double-proxy marriage. Proxy marriages cannot be solemnized in any other U.S. states.

Proxy marriages are also allowed under some interpretations of Islamic law.

The marriage would be void ab initio without any action taken, but if a legal document such as a marriage certificate were filed anyway, purporting to show that the couple was married, a legal action for an annulment would be an appropriate action. Likewise, in the Roman Catholic church, at least, an annulment would be a remedy available for religious purposes under canon law and the priest who conducted the wedding anyway would also be severely punished for going forward with the wedding in this situation.

The marriage would be void ab initio without any action taken. But if a legal document such as a marriage certificate were filed anyway, purporting to show that the couple was married, a legal action for an annulment would be an appropriate action. The person who officiated the wedding and signed the marriage certificate in this situation could also be prosecuted criminally for doing so. 

Likewise, in the Roman Catholic church, at least, an annulment would be a remedy available for religious purposes under canon law and the priest who conducted the wedding anyway would also be severely punished for going forward with the wedding in this situation.