4

In the May 26, 2021 video How a NY special grand jury could impact Donald Trump CNN’s senior legal analyst and former federal prosecutor Elie Honig mentions the following in a background piece outlining the basics of a US Special Grand Jury. After about 01:17 they say:

It is a one-sided presentation; it’s only the prosecutor, the grand jurors, and a court reporter. There’s no judge, there’s no defense lawyer. So it is extremely one-sided; you hear this expression ‘the grand jury would indict a ham sandwich’ there’s some truth to that; it’s not an adversarial process like you’d have at trial.

and the origin of the 'ham sandwich' reference is mentioned in Wikipedia's Grand Juries in the United States; Rubber Stamp for the Prosecution:

[...]Grand jurors also often lack the ability and knowledge to judge sophisticated cases and complicated federal laws. This puts them at the mercy of very well trained and experienced federal prosecutors. Grand jurors often hear only the prosecutor's side of the case and are usually persuaded by them. Grand juries almost always indict people on the prosecutor's recommendation. An unnamed Rochester defense lawyer was quoted in a 1979 newspaper article claiming that a prosecutor could get a grand jury to "indict a ham sandwich", a saying subsequently repeated by the chief judge of New York State's highest court, Sol Wachtler. And William J. Campbell, a former federal district judge in Chicago, noted: "[T]oday, the grand jury is the total captive of the prosecutor who, if he is candid, will concede that he can indict anybody, at any time, for almost anything, before any grand jury." (references therein)

Question: With only prosecutor(s) and a court reporter, are jurors at all instructed to not simply "rubber stamp" the prosecution's desire to indict? Are the terms and concepts necessary for them to function as a jury (e.g. "preponderance of evidence") explained to them? If so, by who? Is there a standard "script" or talking points for such instruction?

--

screenshot of CNN's May 26, 2021 video How a NY special grand jury could impact Donald Trump https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7uTQfcLGfg

4

1 Answer 1

5

With only prosecutor(s) and a court reporter, are jurors at all instructed to not simply "rubber stamp" the prosecution's desire to indict?

Not really. They are told their job and the legal standards that they are required to act according to, however, and the federal judicial branch does have a short handbook for grand jurors.

Are the terms and concepts necessary for them to function as a jury (e.g. "preponderance of evidence") explained to them?

Yes. But grand juries don't operate on a preponderance of the evidence standard. The sole evidentiary standard in a grand jury proceeding is the lower "probable cause" standard. Likewise, lots of evidence which would not be admissible in a criminal trial is admissible in a grand jury proceeding. The main kind of evidence not admissible in a grand jury proceeding is evidence which is "privileged" against court disclosure (e.g. attorney-client communications).

If so, by who?

The prosecutor and the handbook linked above.

Is there a standard "script" or talking points for such instruction?

Prosecuting attorney's offices in jurisdictions that usually use grand juries typically have a set of forms.

In federal practice, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6 is the primary source of guidance, and the Justice Department (which handles all or virtually all federal criminal prosecutions) has detailed policies and procedures for handling grand jury practice (and a 405 page practice manual) that his a matter of public record. There is some case law on what the content of an indictment must look like and on the grand jury process.

Some state and local jurisdictions with routine use of grand juries probably have standard court forms for certain parts of grand jury process, and there may be some standard forms in local rules for some federal courts. But there isn't a national judicial branch sanctioned official set of court forms for grand juries in the federal criminal justice system.

The rather lax supervision of grand juries reflects the fact that they are a road bump in the criminal justice process with a pretty low threshold to meet that faces sterner tests later in the process:

Is there probable cause to support the charges requested by the prosecutor against the named defendants?

About half of U.S. states allow prosecutors to do this without a grand jury approval, unilaterally.

Every grand jury indictment must either be consented to by the defense, or approved by the court following a trial with a much higher proof beyond a reasonable doubt standard, to result in a conviction resulting in the imposition of punishment.

A judge in a separate hearing determines if there will be pre-trial detention or bail conditions prior to the criminal trial.

5
  • 2
    In New York, a grand jury can also seek legal advice from the court (i.e. the judge)
    – Dale M
    May 26, 2021 at 23:36
  • 2
    @DaleM Good point. Not true in all jurisdictions, but, of course, highly relevant to this New York case.
    – ohwilleke
    May 26, 2021 at 23:37
  • 2
    Thank you for your thorough answer; I should have caught "probable cause" right there in the graphic; I only got the "p" right when transposing to "preponderance of evidence" in the question.
    – uhoh
    May 26, 2021 at 23:39
  • I'm late to the party here: But in the absence of a grand jury then wouldn't the indictment or charging be dependent essentially solely on how the prosecutor considered the evidence available? And so the demerits presented are more or less mutual. And practically, I believe, most arrests or investigations never reach court.
    – civitas
    Jul 29 at 1:22
  • @civitas In moderately or more seriously felony cases that aren't commenced with grand jury indictments, the judge screens the cases before trial in an adversarial preliminary hearing where the prosecution must merely show probable cause. Newer jurisdictions almost always opted against grand juries as the norm. Grand juries and/or preliminary hearings are intended to discourage prosecutors from bringing weak cases that cause immense harm to the defendants even if the defendants would ultimately be acquitted if the cases went to trial.
    – ohwilleke
    Jul 29 at 1:39

You must log in to answer this question.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .