If a group of photos of apple is used as reference to paint a painting of an apple, does the painter infringe copyright of the photographers?

Question

Say, a group of photographers, Alice, Bob and Craig, take photographs of a non-copyrighted everyday object, an apple. Then, they decide to showcase it in public (without relinquishing any copyrights apart from taking a look).

A painter, Peter, who never has seen an apple in his or her life, takes a look at these photographs (studies them). Then, s/he paints a painting of an apple.

Does the painter, Peter, infringe copyright of Alice, Bob and Craig.

One step further, if a creator, c, commissions the painter, t, who never has seen an apple in his or her life, to paint a picture of an apple by studying these photographs, do c and t infringe copyright ?

What if, the painter, t, uses a mechanical device (drives a toy-car with tires wet with paint on a canvas using a remote control) to paint an apple after studying these photographs ?

Edit 1 : I am asking applied AI/Machine-Learning context. So Jurisdiction that I want to know is US, Australia, Singapore and EU.

Edit 2 : Even though I ask "copyright", I also want to know from Intellectual Property point of view. I want to know text of law, interpretation of law, precedence if any and your opinion.

Edit 3 : removed the maths notations.

Answer 1

Under US law, and I believe under the laws of most countries, each of the various photographs of the apple would be protected by copyright. Thew initial owner would be the photographer, or perhaps the photographer's employer, in each case.

Copyright protects expression, including both words and image. It does not protect ideas. The idea of an apple is not protected. The specific representation of a particular apple would be.

If the painter imitates the specific feature of the apple shown in the photographs, to the extent that the painting is a derivative work of one or more of the photos, then the painter needs the permission of the copyright holder(s). Without that permission, creating the painting is infringement of copyright.

However, if the painter merely took the general idea of an apple, and created a new expression of that idea, without using any of the specifics of the photos, there there would be no infringement.

If the photos were instead images of an imaginary thing, perhaps a dragon, or some invented machine of building perhaps, with the images created by perhaps a compute animation program, or by photographing a model, the legal rules would be the same. If the painter simply used the idea from the photos, there is no infringement. If the painter used sufficient specific detail so that the painting is a derivative work, then permission is required.

Exactly how much detail must be used for a work to be considered "derivative" is a matter of judgement -- ultimately the judgement of a court if the matter is disputed. There is no clear bright line making that distinction.

That C has commissioned the painter T to create the painting is not relevant, unless C is the copyright owner of the photos, or has secured permission from the copyright owner(s). If C validly grants permission, then there is no copyright issue even if the painting is a derivative work.

It does not matter what technique or technical means T uses to create the painting. T may use a brush, a pallet knife, a toy car, drips of paint, or a compute drafting program. If, by whatever means, T creates a derivative work, then permission is needed or else it is an act of infringement merely to create the work. If the work is not derivative, then no permission is needed. Copyright law applies no matter what specific technique the creator of an image uses, provided that human creativity is involved.